The concept of 'active defence' serves as the cornerstone of China’s modern military strategy. While Western military history often highlights the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation as a definitive example of a successful strategic retreat, the South China Morning Post (SCMP) argues that the Chinese Red Army’s 'Long March' (1934–1935) provides a more significant historical precedent for this doctrine.

Active defence is not defined by passivity, but by a calculated approach to warfare where the military avoids decisive battles it cannot win, instead focusing on preserving strength and wearing down the adversary over time. The doctrine suggests that a smaller or weaker force can achieve victory by maintaining its core capabilities through strategic withdrawal, eventually shifting to an offensive posture once the balance of power has shifted.

While Western narratives often focus on the tactical nature of retreats like Dunkirk, the Chinese perspective frames these movements as essential components of a broader, long-term political and military survival strategy. The SCMP notes that while Dunkirk is frequently celebrated in Western popular culture, the Long March is studied in professional military academies as a foundational case study in how to survive encirclement and reorganize for future success. This historical framing is critical to understanding why China’s current military posture prioritizes patience and long-term strategic positioning over immediate, high-risk engagements.