A joint investigation by Oil Change International (OCI) and the Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO) has identified Vitol and Heritage Petroleum FZCO as significant contributors to Israel's crude oil supply chain. According to the report, these two firms were responsible for exporting approximately 22 million barrels of crude to Israel during the period spanning October 2023 to July 2024, accounting for roughly 11 percent of the nation's total crude imports during that timeframe.

The report highlights the logistical routes used for these shipments, specifically noting that a portion of the oil was routed through Turkey. This detail is particularly significant given that the Turkish government implemented a trade embargo against Israel during the ongoing conflict in Gaza. The investigation characterizes the involved firms as "secretive," emphasizing the lack of transparency in the oil trading sector regarding the final destination of energy shipments during periods of geopolitical tension.

While the report provides data on the volume of oil supplied, it does not detail the specific contractual arrangements between the suppliers and the Israeli government. The findings serve to underscore the complexities of global oil supply chains, where commodities often move through multiple jurisdictions and intermediaries, making it difficult to track the ultimate end-user of energy resources during international conflicts.