Spain possesses two autonomous cities, Ceuta and Melilla, situated on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa. These territories are geographically surrounded by Moroccan land and the Mediterranean Sea. Historically, these areas have been under Spanish administration for centuries, with Melilla becoming part of the Spanish crown in 1497 and Ceuta in 1668.

Because they serve as the only land borders between the European Union and the African continent, these enclaves are significant points for migration and trade. The status of these territories remains a subject of diplomatic discussion between Spain and Morocco. While Spain considers them integral parts of its national territory, Morocco has historically laid claim to them, viewing them as occupied remnants of a colonial past. The governance of these cities involves complex logistical and security challenges, particularly regarding the management of border crossings and the flow of goods and people between the two nations.